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G.VidmarJ

Growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP-6) stimulates phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover in human pituitary somatotroph cells

Emerging evidence suggests that GSH, along with its enzymatic counterparts including glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferases, activates plant defense responses by multiple ways such as by (1) triggering the activation of defense-related genes and the production of defense compounds including phytoalexins, (2) preventing excessive cell damage and facilitating controlled cell death during hypersensitive response, (3) influencing salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways to shape the systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance, respectively, and (4), conjugating with and detoxifying pathogen-secreted toxins and other harmful compounds produced during pathogen attack, thereby protecting plant cells from potential damage

Astrocytes release free fatty acids (FFAs) from lipid droplets, and the released fatty acids enter the mitochondria and bind to carnitine to form LCACs, the accumulation of which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in astrocytes and exacerbates neuronal damage [115]