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Medical Conditions, Surgeries, and Medications Lack of intrinsic factor (a protein made in the stomach thats needed for B12 absorption) - this condition is called pernicious anemia Thyroid disease HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes, where the immune system in the body attacks its own tissues Gastric bypass surgery (weight loss surgery) Chronic gastritis surgery Certain medications like heartburn drugs (proton pump inhibitors) which reduce stomach acid production Who Is At Risk of Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Rotate injection sites: To prevent tissue irritation, researchers may vary the injection locations, typically including the thigh, upper arm, and abdomen
Fortified plant-based foods and beverages may also contain B12
Some participants achieved weight loss of approximately 24% of body weight at 48 weeks approaching levels reported with some bariatric surgical procedures, though no direct head-to-head comparisons have been conducted and long-term durability beyond the trial period remains unknown
