Injectable forms are sold exclusively for in vitro research purposes
Its research profile makes it especially relevant for studies focused on body-composition pathway models, energy balance, metabolic flexibility, adipose tissue biology, and NAD+-adjacent cellular signaling
The resultant oxidative stress adversely impacts cochlear homocysteine metabolism, suggesting a potential link between Vitamin B12 deficiency and demyelination of neurons in the cochlear nerve, axonal degeneration, and neuronal death
No exact-name ClinicalTrials.gov record was located in the July 12, 2026 search, and this review did not establish human benefits, safety, pharmacokinetics, or a clinical formulation